1. Sustainable city / Green city, smart city

Sustainable Cities

The term Sustainable City was born after the United Nations (UN) organizations agreed to introduce the concept of "Sustainable development / Sustainable development" in 1991. Especially, when the Earth Summit on the environment. and development in 1992 through “Agenda 21 (Agenda 21)”, after which 179 participating countries pledged to follow and ratify their “Sustainable Development Agenda”. Among the three basic contents of sustainable development, the first one is Ecological Sustainability, which requires the preservation of life-support systems and environmental sustainability (Environmental Sustainability). ), social sustainability (Social Sustainability) [1,2].

A sustainable city is an urban area in which natural and artificial ecosystems (created by humans) have sufficient conditions to preserve, regenerate and develop, so that the living environment is balanced and clean. , toilet.

Nearly 1.5 centuries ago, urbanization is developing very fast in the world. In 1880 only 4% of the world's population lived in cities. Twenty years later, in 1900, the urban population had grown to 14%. In 2000 2.8 billion people (~47%) lived in cities, and in 2007 more than 50% of the world's population (3.2 billion people) lived in cities (UN statistics). According to forecasts of the United Nations and the World Bank (WB), by 2025, two-thirds of the world's population, about 5 out of 8 billion people, will live in urban areas. Another forecast, by 2050, the world will have 85% of the population living in cities.

However, the most worrying thing of the world today is that Urbanization requires a greater need to build housing, transport, and cultural services, and electricity from burning fossil fuels to serve the needs of people. Humans consume more and more, release into the atmosphere Carbon dioxide (CO2), which is the main "greenhouse gas / Greenhouse Gas" (GHG), warming the Earth, causing Climate Change. Statistics show that, in the 20th century, fossil energy consumption in the world increased 17 times (in Japan, it increased 74 times).

Before 1990, the US led the world in greenhouse gas emissions with 18%, followed by the CIS (13.5%); EU (12 countries – 11.5%), China (9.3%), Japan (4.7%); India (4%). By 2010, China rose to the top (6018 million tons of CO2/year), followed by the US - 5903 million. tons, Russia – 1704 million. tons, India – 1293 million. tons, Japan – 1247 million. ton, …

Fossil energy consumption is forecast to continue to increase in the 21st century, particularly in Asia.

In the 20th century, the Earth was 1oC warmer. Scientists calculate that, if the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere reaches 450 ppm (in 2015 it reached 400 ppm), the earth's temperature will increase by 2oC, and with the current business of large economic corporations. , then this could happen in 2035! Therefore, the UN launched “Operation 350 – Global Campaign to Combat Climate Change”, which aims to reduce the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere to a safe limit for the earth of 350 ppm (1990 concentration).

Urbanization also destroys arable land, destroys forests, and fills many lakes and ponds. In the UK in the 20th century, 20% of agricultural land was lost, degraded resources, and urban waste worsened the living environment of people. Scientists warn: Cities will "eat up" an area of land the size of South Africa (1.2 million km2), destroy habitats, destroy about 200 species of creatures and reduce numbers. plant. The study also predicts Asia will be the continent that loses the most land because of urban growth (55% of the total land area occupied by cities globally).

Green city
The concept of Green City appeared after the birth of the CTX movement. However, when discussing Green Cities, an important criterion that cannot be ignored is “Green Space / Green Space”, considering the ratio of urban gardens and parks per resident. Singapore has an area of only 692.7 square kilometers, of which 10 square kilometers is water, but there are 66 square meters of green space for each person, so everywhere we go, we encounter green space. The city of Vienna has 120 m2 of green space for each resident, considered the "most liveable city" in Europe. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that, in terms of public health, each city must have at least 9 m2 of green space per person, preferably 10-15 m2. Hanoi currently has only 0.9 m2/person, 10 times lower than WHO's recommendation (Urban Development Department, Ministry of Construction: "Hanoi General Planning to 2030 with a vision to 2050") [2] .

Thus, a sustainable / green city must achieve some of the most important criteria: (1) A city that consumes less energy (energy green), (2) Emissions less CO2 (green for the environment). , (3) There is a large proportion of green space (green in terms of habitat), (4) Conservation and embellishment of ecosystems (green in ecology).

When concerned specifically about the environment and ecology, the name Ecological City can be called, but the concept of Green City is more comprehensive. A green city will ensure sustainable development, and is a sustainable, livable city for every citizen. Thus, we can identify two concepts of Sustainable Cities and Green Cities: Cities must be Green to be Sustainable.

Smart city (smart city)
Li

In the US in 2000, there were 1,500 green buildings, by 2006 there were 5,000 buildings certified as CTX with a total usable area of 50 million m2.
In Taiwan, after 7 years of practicing CTX (2000 - 2007), 432 million kWh of electricity has been saved, 285,000 tons of CO2 has been reduced, equivalent to the absorption of 950 hectares of forest, 18.3 million m3 of clean water has been reduced.

Singapore in 2012 had 1500 works received CTX certificates, accounting for 21% of the total number of construction projects. It is expected that by 2030, 80% of works will be certified CTX. In this country, CTX has developed into both infrastructure construction and parks.

In Malaysia by 2010, there were several hundred CTX certified buildings with a total floor area of 50 million square feet.

India with humble beginnings in 2003 reached 20,000 square feet of CTX area across the country. Today (until November 2020) there are more than 6,222 projects registered with the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC), covering an area of more than 7.71 billion square feet (an increase of nearly 400 times), of which 2,098 The project is certified with Green Building Certificate.

The 2015/2016 annual report of the World Green Building Council confirms: 49% of CTX Councils of countries have implemented the CTX Certification System for construction works in their countries with a total area of 1 .04 billion m2 CTX, 10 times the area of Paris.

That is why, in 2015, at the COP 21 Summit in Paris, world leaders first recognized Green Building as an effective solution to combat climate change.

In Paris in 2015, the World Green Building Council (WorldGBC) launched “Greener Building / Better Build Green” and “Journey to Zero Emission Buildings / Journey to Net Zero Emission Buildings” – with the goal of “ensure that all buildings are zero carbon by 2050 / to make sure that all buildings are net zero carbon by 2050”.

Thirty CTX Councils of participating countries made a common commitment: By 2020, there will be an additional 1.25 billion square meters of green building space in the world, nearly twice the area of Singapore, and training 127,000 CTX specialists. . By 2050, it will reduce 84 billion tons of CO2 for 8.5 billion people around the world and is determined to meet an ambitious goal: All buildings are "carbon-free".

CTX movement in Vietnam
In 2007, the Vietnam Green Building Council (VGBC) was established, which is a non-governmental organization, a branch of the California CTX Council. In 2011, VGBC launched the first CTX Evaluation System in Vietnam, called Lotus.

In 2011, the Vietnam Built Environment Association (MTXDVN) established the "Vietnam Green Building Council (GBCVietnam)", under the auspices of the Ministry of Construction. The Vietnam Trade and Industry Association has been assigned by the Ministry of Construction to develop the "Strategy for the development of cooperatives in Vietnam in 2020 - 2030" and to develop the "Criteria system of Vietnam's cooperatives". These two projects have been completed, tested and accepted by the Scientific Council and handed over to the Ministry of Construction in 2014. The Ministry of Construction also assigned the Association to evaluate and test a project according to this Criteria System.

On the occasion of Vietnam Architecture Day 27/4/2011, the Vietnam Association of Architects established the Vietnam Green Architecture Council and issued the "Vietnam Green Architecture Manifesto" which clearly stated that Green Architecture "is the direction of development in Vietnam". development of Vietnamese Architecture for the good life of today, without harming the future life and for the long-term development of the country”. After announcing the Vietnam Green Architecture Criteria, from 2012, every two years, the Vietnam Association of Architects selects and awards the "Green Architecture Award" for excellent works built in our country. . Thanks to this encouragement, Vietnamese architects have been constantly looking for architectural design solutions in the "green direction" and have produced many projects that are highly appreciated not only in the country, but also in the world [2]. .

According to statistics at "Vietnam CTX Week 2020" to the third quarter of 2020, Vietnam has 155 projects that have achieved CTX Certificates of EDGE (41 projects), LEED (83 projects) and LOTUS (31 projects). project) with a total floor area of 3,325,000 m2. Note that this figure includes new buildings on the design documents, while the official CTX only counts buildings that have been in use for at least 2 years [2].
155 projects that have obtained the Certificate of CTX in Vietnam is a "modest" number, showing that the CTX in Vietnam has just taken the first steps, has not yet had a strong movement and has not received the proper attention of the society. while this movement has been born and operated for 25 years in the world. Note that Vietnam is one of the three countries most heavily affected by climate change.

Some experiences in developing CTX in the world
Most of the developed countries in the world consider CTX activities based on voluntary market-oriented principles, run, assessed and certified by non-governmental organizations (CTX Councils). The role of local and central governments is to encourage and support, especially at the first stage of development (1990 - 2005).
According to the US experience in developing CTX [3], the Government's support shows:

(1) Investors are given priority to borrow capital. For example, the State of Oregon (USA) for each Project with an area of 10,000 m2 receives a "Platinum" certificate

Table 1- Federal Energy Policy (USA) 2005

(3) Giving prizes: The attaching of Platinum, Gold, Silver CTX Certificates or the "Blue Star" are valuable rewards, enhancing the brand reputation of investors, construction companies . In addition, there are valuable awards, to honor investors who have pursued the best green technologies, and encourage designers and builders to reach the highest value. Example in the US:

USGBC's Kresge Foundation: February 2006 awarded 64 awards in the amount of $4,146,000 (TB ~ $70,000 / award).
42 nonprofits awarded a total of $7,200,000 (TB ~ $171,000/project).
Today, when the CTX movement has grown strongly, the Owners are aware of their roles and responsibilities to society, to the earth, and awards are no longer set.

(4) Prioritize or support licensing for projects committed to build Gold or Platinum certified works.

(5) Government request. For example, in 2001, the Seattle City Council for the first time in the US issued a directive requiring new public works with an area of over 500 m2 to achieve Silver CTX certification. In 2004, the city of Vancouver, Colombia required new public buildings to be Gold certified. The Governor of California requires that works that want to be licensed to build here must achieve a silver CTX certificate or higher (above silver is gold and platinum).

Besides, in some developing countries, the CTX movement is directly led and operated by the Government, such as Taiwan, Singapore, China, etc.
The CTX movement will develop faster and stronger, when the state pays special attention to and puts it into major and national key programs. For example in Taiwan: In 1999 the CTX movement started to kick off, in 2001 the Government approved the "GB Promotion Program". In 2002, CTX became “National Policy” and was classified as an important part of “Challenging 2008 – Major National Development Plan” (Challanging 2008 – National Major Development Plan) [4] . Thanks to a centralized and capable executive apparatus directly led by the Ministry of Home Affairs, after only 7 years, it has achieved great achievements and is considered as one of the top 3 countries in the world with CTX activities. gender.

In Singapore in 2005-2010, there was the first National Green Building Master Plan (Green Building Master Plan). Then in 2010 issued the next CTX Program for the year 2010 - 2030 with the goal that by 2030, 80% of the works will achieve CTX certificates [5].

Cities for green buildings
Governments of many cities around the world attach great importance to the role of the CTX movement in building their sustainable cities. When the city has many green buildings, the electricity consumption of the whole city will be greatly reduced, greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced accordingly, urban ecology, resources including materials and water are conserved, environment Urban schools and indoor living environments get better…
From there, the concept of "CTX city / Cities for green buildings" was added.

Asian Management Consulting firm Solidiance [6] has proposed 4 areas CTX World Cities Ranking Criteria, in which three areas focus on total green building, efficiency and initiatives, and an area focused on the city's green initiatives and their performance. That is:

(1) City-wide Green Building Landscape, accounting for 30% score.

This category assesses the total number of green buildings in each city (by Number of Green Buildings and % of green buildings to total number of buildings), the type of certifications issued to those buildings, and the number of specialists. certified CTX expert in the city.

(2) Efficiency and efficiency of green buildings / Green Buildings efficiency and performance – 25% score ratio.

Assessed by measuring the CO2 emissions and energy used in construction of each city: CO2 emissions and total energy consumption per capita and GDP.
Water consumption was also assessed, but there were not enough reliable data to include.

(3) Green Building Policies and Targets / Green Building Policies and Targets – 12.5% score.

This catalog identifies the city's green building standards and goals and compares them with global cities.

(4) Green City Culture and Environment – score rate of 32.5%.